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NEW DELHI - India's capital Delhi re-opened schools and some building sites on Monday (Nov 20) amid signs of receding air pollution, although it remained classified as hazardous, while a toxic foam besmirched stretches of the Yamuna river flowing through the city.
The world's most polluted capital resumed its annual battle on pollution this month, despite government pledges to improve. Monday's air quality index (AQI) of 336 was down from Thursday's level of 509, but still "hazardous", Swiss group IQAir said.
Children wore masks on the way to school, after a closure of nearly two weeks to protect them from pollution, while Hindu devotees celebrating a festival trudged through the smoggy morning for a dip in the river, undeterred by the white foam, which authorities have described as toxic.
The foam comes from sludge and untreated waste, said a former adviser to the Delhi government, adding that the city's water board was spraying a food-grade chemical to control it.
"The foam is not lethal by nature," said the former official, Ankit Srivastava, an environmental engineer. "You will not die by consuming it, but you would fall ill."
On Sunday, Delhi's Environment Minister Gopal Rai told reporters that construction work on public infrastructure projects could resume, although with curbs on activities that blow dust through the air.
Those remarks followed Saturday's revocation of emergency measures ordered on Nov 5 to keep air quality from worsening, including a ban on all building activity, which were eased after index levels improved.
Delhi's AQI is forecast to fall over the next two days as wind speeds are expected to pick up, according to the government's early warning system for air quality.
Delhi's air pollution gets worse in winter, when wind speeds drop and cooling air traps pollutants spewed by vehicles, industry and farmers burning agricultural waste in surrounding states to prepare for new planting.
Traffic emissions were a big contributor on Monday to particles of size 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) suspended in the air, a real-time study by experts collaborating with the Delhi government showed.
Vehicles contributed 51 per cent of such particles, considered especially dangerous to humans, along a key thoroughfare, up from levels of 27 per cent and 32 per cent over the last two days, the study added.
PM2.5 levels remained above 128 micrograms per cubic meter of air since Sunday in the National Capital Region, according to the federal pollution control board. The levels have fallen from a high of 300 on Nov 5, but are substantially above the average 24-hour safe limit of 15 set by the World Health Organisation.
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